英译汉常用的方法和技巧

　引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

一、 词义的选择、引申和褒贬

　1一词多义(Polysemy)

　regular

　regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

　delicate

　delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

　2注意有线词的词义

　He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom

　He now saw plainly the meaning of all In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away The situation had now become desperate Then came another incident

　3词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)

　1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

　His novel is a mirror of the times

　The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words

　Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine

　2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

　In two years, he was a national phenomenon

　Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise

　Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister

　4词义的'褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)

　The reckless driver died in the traffic accident

　Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house

　It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner

　John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well

　The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people

　She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone

　5Exercises

　I have no opinion of that sort of man

　She put five dollars into my hand “You have been a great man today”

　I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food

　I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two

　The picture flattered her

　The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England

二、 词类转译法

　(一)转译成动词

　(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)

　My admiration for him grew more

　He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown

　To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg

　The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the US a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences

　Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves

　In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started

　Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources

　I am no drinker, nor smoker

　The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity

　(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)

　There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all

　We are fortunate in our opponent

　Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night

　The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money

　I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant

　Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty

　“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch

　(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)

　He said the meeting was informative

　They were news-hungry

　It was a very informative meeting

　(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)

　The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind

　It has snowed over

　Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods

　(二)转译成名词

　(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)

　She knows what’s what

　They thought differently

　TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures

　The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations

　He roared, which threatened his enemies away

　The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American

　(2)形容词转译成名词

　The new treaty would be good for ten years

　The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions

　Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized

　Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones

　(三)转译成形容词

　名词转译成形容词

　Their physical experiment was a success

　The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision

　Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana”

　He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach

　In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word

　(四)其他词类转译

　副词转译成名词

　The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2

　Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically

　The image must be dimensionally correct

　 三、被动语态的译法

　(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句

　1 He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow

　2 She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans

　3 What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification

　4 Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market

　(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文

　1 But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults

　2 Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds

　3 What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring

　4 Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals

　5 He said he was assured by the State Department that the US is willing to normalize relations with his country

　(三)“it + be + pp + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达

　1 It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends

　2 It should be understood that to err is human

　(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字

　1 The visitor was flattered and impressed

　2 Everybody was fed up with her gossip

　3 He was set upon by two naked men

　4 If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow

　5 He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba

四、增词法

　(一)名词、动名词前增补动词

　1 We often go to the school-run factory for labor

　2 Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery

　(二)英语抽象名词的翻译

　1 He was still reluctant to talk substance

　2 Many changes take place during the transformation

　3 Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall

　4 From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions

　(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词

　1 It was a Godsend to him

　2 If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once

　(四)增添“概括”性的词

　1 He had slept there before, in July and again in October

　2 Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health

　3 The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area

　4 Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

　5 This report summed up the achievements in technology and education

　(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复

　1 I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time

　(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字

　1 And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future

　2 Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”

　(七)增补量词

　1 Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser

　2 On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite

　(八)增补表示复数含义的词

　1 But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed

　2 The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced

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英译汉翻译技巧步骤

　英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是 正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程， 在英译汉的过程中， 有两点值得我们特别地注意：

　(1) 汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容， 即句子或文章的意义， 而不是句子结构;

　(2) 在翻译过程中， 英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。

　英译汉的过程包括理解， 分析句架表达和校核三个阶段， 理解是表达的前提， 若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达， 但理解与表达通常是互相联系， 往返反复的过程， 在进行汉语表达的时候， 又可以进一步加深对原文的理解， 因此， 在英译汉的过程中， 往往需要考生从英语到汉语， 再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。

　一、理解

　理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文， 弄清原文的意思。

　(1) 通读全文。

　通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。一篇好的文章， 其前后的意思都互相关联， 具有很强的逻辑性， 一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来， 这就是为什么我们有时看完一本书或一篇文章之后才对上文中的某个难以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此，上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分， 通读全文是很重要的。

　(2) 分析句子结构。

　中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。在分句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。

　(3) 理解句子含义。

　理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外， 还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题：

　A 句子中是否 含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词， 如果有， 应根据上下文确定它们指代的'内容是什么;

　B 句子中的短语和一些常 用的词往往具有多种含义和用法， 那么， 在该句中它们的具体含义是什么;

　C 按照你的理解， 该部分的意义是否与 全篇文章的内容一致， 有无相互矛盾。

　总之， 在动手翻译之前， 首先要读懂原文， 不要一上来就急于动手翻译， 这 样做往往会出现一种情况： 该题快要翻译完了， 猛然又发现自己理解有误，马上就急忙修改， 而且很容易忙中出错。

　二、表达

　表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来， 表达的好坏取决与译者对于英语原文的理解程度以及汉语的修养水平。理解是表达的基础， 表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点， 因为在表达上还存在许多具体的方法和技巧。关于这些方法和技巧， 在此我们只是介绍两中基本的翻译方法： 直译和意译。

　(1) 直译。所谓直译， 就是在译文语言条件许可时， 在译文中既保持原文的内容， 又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中， 完全可以采取直译的方法， 这样可以获得一举两得之功效， 既保持了原文的结构， 又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译，象“It is asserted that …;It is believed that …”这一类的结构， 如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。

　(2) 意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系， 两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时， 就应采用意译法， 意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式， 重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如：“Do you see any green in my eye” 象这样的句子， 只能采取意译的方法， 把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗” 当然， 意译并不等于乱译，胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。

　在具体的翻译过程中， 我们应该采取灵活的方法， 不论是直译还是意译， 只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则， 都是可取的。

　在翻译的过程中， 我们务必注意以下几点：

　(1) 理解透彻之后再动手表达， 否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙;

　(2) 切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座， 逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类;

　(3) 切忌擅自增减词意， 增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。

　三、校核

　校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化， 是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段， 因此， 校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段， 并不是可有可无的， 通过表达之后的校核， 我们可以发现译文的一些问题， 确保自己理解的内容很有把握。 在校核阶段， 一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题：

　(1) 人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等;

　(2) 汉语译文的词与句有无错漏;

　(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇;

　(4) 有无错别字;

　(5) 标点符号是否有误。

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十种翻译策略方法有以下：

1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

2、省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。

3、转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。

4、拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。

5、正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。

6倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。

7、包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。

8、插入法：指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。

9、重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。

10、综合法：是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。